Difference between revisions of "Karnaugh Maps"

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Among these methods the '''Karnaugh Maps''' (made by G. Karnaugh in 1953) will be presented bellow.
Among these methods the '''Karnaugh Maps''' (made by G. Karnaugh in 1953) will be presented bellow.


The Karnaugh map is an orderly arrangement of squares with assignments such that the difference between any two adjacent squares is a one-variable change. The map must contain a square or cell for each unique combination of input variables. A map for two variables A and B must have four cells, because there are 2<sup>2</sup> different combinations of two input variables. A map for three variables A, B and C must contain 2<sup>3</sup> or eight cells, and a map on n variables must contain 2<sup>n</sup> cells. An assignment of 1 for uncomplemented variable and 0 for a complemented variable is made. For instance, a term AB<sup>*</sup>C is equivalent to the binary notations 101. The table bellow shows the ways to define each cell of two, three and four variables functions. <br/>
The Karnaugh map is an orderly arrangement of squares with assignments such that the difference between any two adjacent squares is a one-variable change. The map must contain a square or cell for each unique combination of input variables. A map for two variables A and B must have four cells, because there are 2<sup>2</sup> different combinations of two input variables. A map for three variables A, B and C must contain 2<sup>3</sup> or eight cells, and a map on n variables must contain 2<sup>n</sup> cells. An assignment of 1 for uncomplemented variable and 0 for a complemented variable is made. For instance, a term $ A \overline{B} C $ is equivalent to the binary notations 101. The table bellow shows the ways to define each cell of two, three and four variables functions. <br/>
The alphabetical input variables are identified at the upper left-hand corner of the box. For example, for three input variable function, the diagonal lines indicates that the variables A and B are represented by the binary notations across the top of the matrix (which is a Gray Code with the unique property of only a single bit change when going from one state to the next) and are contained in the vertical column below each assignment. The variable C is designed down the side of the matrix and is represented by horizontal rows within the matrix. Each cell represents a unique combination of the variables.  
The alphabetical input variables are identified at the upper left-hand corner of the box. For example, for three input variable function, the diagonal lines indicates that the variables A and B are represented by the binary notations across the top of the matrix (which is a Gray Code with the unique property of only a single bit change when going from one state to the next) and are contained in the vertical column below each assignment. The variable C is designed down the side of the matrix and is represented by horizontal rows within the matrix. Each cell represents a unique combination of the variables.  



Revision as of 00:47, 31 August 2020

Introduction

Logic design implies the analysis, synthesis, minimization, and implementation of binary functions. Combinational logic refers to networks whose output is strictly dependent on the inputs. The analysis of such networks requires first the writing of the Boolean algebraic equation representative of the network, and then the complete characterization of the output as a result of all the possible combinations of the inputs. Minimization involves reducing the Boolean algebraic expression to some minimal form.
Any minimization tool in Boolean is based on the algebraic theorems. Algebraic reduction of Boolean functions is not easy and requires considerable experience, judgement and luck. It becomes more apparent as the complexity of the function increases.

For example the two input variable expression as $ A \overline{B} + \overline{A} \overline{B}$ is obviously dependent only on $ \overline{B} $. But it is not so obvious that the following three input expression $ A \overline{B} + \overline{B} C + \overline{A} C $ is represented by $ A \overline{B} + \overline{A} C $ .

As a result extensive effort has been devoted toward developing techniques, aids or tools, that will allow the logic designer to minimize a function. The Venn diagram, Veitch diagram, Karnaugh map, Quine-McCluskey method, and other techniques have all been developed with but one objective-to allow the designed to arrive at a minimal expression as rapidly as possible with the least amount of effort.

Among these methods the Karnaugh Maps (made by G. Karnaugh in 1953) will be presented bellow.

The Karnaugh map is an orderly arrangement of squares with assignments such that the difference between any two adjacent squares is a one-variable change. The map must contain a square or cell for each unique combination of input variables. A map for two variables A and B must have four cells, because there are 22 different combinations of two input variables. A map for three variables A, B and C must contain 23 or eight cells, and a map on n variables must contain 2n cells. An assignment of 1 for uncomplemented variable and 0 for a complemented variable is made. For instance, a term $ A \overline{B} C $ is equivalent to the binary notations 101. The table bellow shows the ways to define each cell of two, three and four variables functions.
The alphabetical input variables are identified at the upper left-hand corner of the box. For example, for three input variable function, the diagonal lines indicates that the variables A and B are represented by the binary notations across the top of the matrix (which is a Gray Code with the unique property of only a single bit change when going from one state to the next) and are contained in the vertical column below each assignment. The variable C is designed down the side of the matrix and is represented by horizontal rows within the matrix. Each cell represents a unique combination of the variables.

The Karnaugh map technique is thought to be the most valuable tool available for dealing with Boolean functions. It provides instant recognition of the basic patterns, can be used to obtain all possible combinations and minimal terms, and is easily applied to all varieties of complex problems. Minimization with the map is accomplished through recognition of basic patterns.
The appearance of 1’s in adjacent cells immediately identifies the presence of a redundant variable.
The following table illustrates some examples of minimizing with two, three, four and five-variable map.[1]

This table illustrates the grouping of one, two, four, eight and sixteen cells, depending on the number of inputs. For example, in a four-variable map, the grouping of two cells eliminates one variable, the grouping of four cells eliminates two variables, and the grouping of eight cells eliminates three variables. The rule is the same for different number of input variables.
Any given grouping of 1’s in the Karnaugh map is identified by a product form.
Minimization involves the gathering of the various groups in the most efficient manner. The mapping of a sum of product terms is accomplished by inserting a 1 in each cell of a map containing a particular product term.
The advantage of the map is that it gives a clear and complete picture of the function. It can immediately be determined if the reduction is unique or if there exist other minimal expressions.


Karnaugh Map examples

T21.jpg

T22.jpg

T23.jpg

T24.jpg

T31.jpg

T32.jpg

T33.jpg

T34.jpg

T35.jpg

T36.jpg

T37.jpg

T38.jpg

T41.jpg

T42.jpg

T43.jpg

T44.jpg

T45.jpg

T47.jpg

T48.jpg

T49.jpg

T410.jpg

T411.jpg

T412.jpg

T413.jpg

T71.jpg T72.jpg
T73.jpg T75.jpg

RULES SUMMARY

No zeros allowed.

No diagonals.

Only power of 2 number of cells in each group.

Groups should be as large as possible.

Every one must be in at least one group.

Overlapping allowed.

Wrap around allowed.

Fewest number of groups possible.

Sample problems

Sample problem 1

Karnaugh Map to minimize a digital circuit

Initial circuit Karnaugh Map AND/OR circuit
C2IN1.jpg
T2IN1.jpg
C2OUT1.jpg

Sample problem 2

Karnaugh Map to minimize a digital circuit

Initial circuit Karnaugh Map AND/OR circuit
CIR6 A.jpg T6n.jpg C6b.jpg

Sample problem 3

Karnaugh Map to minimize a digital circuit

Initial circuit Karnaugh Map AND/OR circuit
C4IN1.jpg T4IN1N.jpg
C4OUT1.jpg

1. William E. Wickes, Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Willey & Sons, Inc, New York-London-Sydney